我们可以先用一下，然后加个负号，但是我要说明，ndS正好是这个的相反数。

Well, we could use it and then subtract, but I was just going to say that ndS is actually the opposite of this.

结果表明：随着年龄的增长，儿童使用的策略由模仿、交换向内化、相反数策略转化；

The results indicated that with the growth of the children, the strategies children used transformed from the imitation strategy and exchange strategy to the covert strategy and inversion strategy.