如何延緩衰老 How to delay aging

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běi jīng tián yè rú hé yán huǎn shuāi lǎo

2017.12.22 北京田烨. 如何延缓衰老

2017.12.22 Beijing Tian Ye. How to delay aging

dà jiā xià wǔ hǎo

大家下午好

good afternoon everyone

wǒ shì lái zì zhōng guó kē xué yuàn

我是来自中国科学院

I am from the Chinese Academy of Sciences

yí chuán yǔ fā yù shēng wù xué yán jiū suǒ de yán jiū yuán tián yè

遗传与发育生物学研究所的研究员田烨

Tian Ye, researcher at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology

wǒ jīn tiān xiǎng gēn dà jiā tàn tǎo de huà tí shì shuāi lǎo yǐ jí rú hé yán huǎn shuāi lǎo

我今天想跟大家探讨的话题是衰老以及如何延缓衰老

The topic I want to discuss with you today is aging and how to delay aging

zuò wèi yī míng kē yán gōng zuò zhě

作为一名科研工作者

As a research worker

wǒ xiǎng cóng shēng wù xué de jiǎo dù gēn dà jiā liáo yī liáo zhè gè huà tí

我想从生物学的角度跟大家聊一聊这个话题

I want to talk to you about this topic from a biological point of view

shuāi lǎo duì yú wǒ men dào dǐ yì wèi zhe shén me ne

衰老对于我们到底意味着什么呢

What does aging mean to us

wǒ xiǎng zhè ràng wǒ xiǎng qǐ le yī shǒu gē

我想这让我想起了一首歌

I think it reminds me of a song

gē zhōng chàng dào dāng nǐ lǎo le

歌中唱到当你老了

When you are old

tóu fā bái le zǒu bù dòng le

头发白了走不动了

My hair is gray and can't walk

yǎn méi dī chuí shuāi lǎo liǎn shàng de zhòu wén

眼眉低垂衰老脸上的皱纹

Drooping eyebrows and wrinkles on aging face

dàn shì zhè bìng bù shì shuāi lǎo de quán bù

但是这并不是衰老的全部

But this is not all of aging

qí shí suí zhe shí jiān de tuī yí nián líng de zēng jiā

其实随着时间的推移年龄的增加

In fact, as time goes by, the age increases

shuāi lǎo xiāng guān de jí bìng de fā bìng lǜ huì xiǎn zhù dì shàng shēng

衰老相关的疾病的发病率会显著地上升

The incidence of aging-related diseases will rise significantly

bāo kuò shén jīng tuì xíng xìng jí bìng lǎo nián chī dāi

包括神经退行性疾病老年痴呆

Including neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease

yǐ jí xīn xuè guǎn jí bìng

以及心血管疾病

And cardiovascular disease

hái yǒu ái zhèng

还有癌症

And cancer

suǒ yǐ wǒ xiǎng zài zuò de gè wèi kě néng guān xīn de

所以我想在座的各位可能关心的

So I think everyone here may be concerned

bìng bù jǐn jǐn shì wǒ men dào dǐ néng huó duō jiǔ

并不仅仅是我们到底能活多久

It’s not just how long we can live

ér shì wǒ men shì fǒu kě yǐ jiàn kāng dì lǎo qù

而是我们是否可以健康地老去

But whether we can grow old healthy

tú zhōng de zhè yī wèi nǚ shì yīng gāi jiù shì wǒ men dāng zhōng de yī míng xìng yùn ér

图中的这一位女士应该就是我们当中的一名幸运儿

The lady in the picture should be one of the lucky ones among us

tā huó le suì yòu tiān

她活了122岁又164天

She lived 122 years and 164 days

zhào piàn zhōng shì tā zài guò suì shēng rì dāng tiān pāi xià de zhào piàn

照片中是她在过121岁生日当天拍下的照片

The photo was taken on her 121st birthday

cóng zhè zhāng zhào piàn wǒ men kě yǐ kàn chū

从这张照片我们可以看出

From this photo we can see

tā qí shí mù guāng hái jiǒng jiǒng yǒu shén

她其实目光还炯炯有神

She actually has piercing eyes

zhuàng tài yě xiāng dāng dì bù cuò

状态也相当地不错

State is pretty good too

kàn qǐ lái fēi cháng dì jiàn kāng

看起来非常地健康

Looks very healthy

nǐ kě néng huì hǎo qí tā wèi shén me huó dé zhè me jiǔ ya

你可能会好奇她为什么活得这么久呀

You may wonder why she lived so long

tā de jiā rén shì bù shì yě gēn tā yī yàng huó dé hěn jiǔ

她的家人是不是也跟她一样活得很久

Does her family live as long as her?

zhí dé yī tí de shì

值得一提的是

It is worth mentioning that

tā de fù mǔ

她的父母

Her parents

bāo kuò tā de xiōng zhǎng

包括她的兄长

Including her brother

shòu mìng dōu xiāng duì dì bǐ jiào zhǎng

寿命都相对地比较长

The life span is relatively long

zài zuò de gè wèi kě néng huì xiǎng

在座的各位可能会想

You may think

zhè shì bù shì zài àn shì zhe yī jiàn shì qíng

这是不是在暗示着一件事情

Does this imply something

jiā zú zhōng rú guǒ yǒu zhǎng bèi shòu mìng zhǎng de

家族中如果有长辈寿命长的

If there are elders in the family who live long

wǒ men shì bù shì jiù shòu mìng yī dìng huì zhǎng

我们是不是就寿命一定会长

Are we going to live longer

zhè lǐ jiù xū yào tí dào yī gè gài niàn yí chuán

这里就需要提到一个概念遗传

Here we need to mention a concept inheritance

kē xué yán jiū biǎo míng

科学研究表明

Scientific research shows

shuāi lǎo de sù lǜ qí shí shì shòu dào

衰老的速率其实是受到

The rate of aging is actually affected by

yí chuán yīn sù hé huán jìng yīn sù gòng tóng zuò yòng de jié guǒ

遗传因素和环境因素共同作用的结果

The result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors

zài dān mài de yī xiàng kē yán jié guǒ xiǎn shì

在丹麦的一项科研结果显示

A scientific research in Denmark showed

tā men zhuī zōng le zhěng zhěng yī gè shì jì

他们追踪了整整一个世纪

They tracked it for a whole century

tā men yán jiū de shì shén me ne

他们研究的是什么呢

What are they researching

tā men bǐ jiào le tóng luǎn shuāng bāo tāi

他们比较了同卵双胞胎

They compared identical twins

jiù shì tā men de jī yīn zǔ bǎi fēn zhī bǎi dōu yī yàng de tóng luǎn shuāng bāo tāi

就是他们的基因组百分之百都一样的同卵双胞胎

Identical twins whose genomes are 100% identical

yǔ yì luǎn shuāng bāo tāi zhǐ yǒu jī yīn zǔ yī yàng de shuāng bāo tāi

与异卵双胞胎只有50%基因组一样的双胞胎

Twins with only 50% genome identical to fraternal twins

tā men zài tóng yàng de shēng cún huán jìng xià shòu mìng de chà yì

他们在同样的生存环境下寿命的差异

The difference in their life span under the same living environment

cóng ér xiǎng yào tàn xún dào dǐ yí chuán yīn sù

从而想要探寻到底遗传因素

So I want to explore the genetic factors

zài yú diào kòng zhè gè shòu mìng de lǐ miàn qǐ dào le duō dà de bǐ zhòng

在于调控这个寿命的里面起到了多大的比重

It’s how much weight it plays in regulating this lifespan

tā men de jié guǒ xiǎn shì

他们的结果显示

Their results show

dà gài yí chuán de yīn sù zhàn dào

大概遗传的因素占到25%

Probably genetic factors account for 25%

ér shèng xià de jiù shì suǒ wèi de fēi yí chuán yīn sù

而剩下的75%就是所谓的非遗传因素

The remaining 75% are so-called non-genetic factors

zhèng suǒ wèi sān fēn tiān zhù dìng qī fēn kào dǎ pīn

正所谓三分天注定七分靠打拼

As the so-called one-third day is doomed to seven minutes by hard work

zhè sān fēn tiān zhù dìng jiù yì wèi zhe

这三分天注定就意味着

This one-third day is destined to mean

nǐ cóng fù mǔ shēn shàng jì chéng lái de yí chuán xìn xī

你从父母身上继承来的遗传信息

The genetic information you inherited from your parents

ér shèng xià de qī fēn jiù dài biǎo zhe fēi yí chuán yīn sù

而剩下的七分就代表着非遗传因素

The remaining seven points represent non-genetic factors

suǒ wèi de huán jìng yīn sù

所谓的环境因素

So-called environmental factors

bāo kuò nǐ de shēng huó xí guàn gōng zuò xìng zhì

包括你的生活习惯工作性质

Including your living habits and the nature of work

hái yǒu nǐ de yíng yǎng zhuàng kuàng yǐ jí duàn liàn děng děng

还有你的营养状况以及锻炼等等

And your nutritional status and exercise, etc.

nà me wèi shén me bù yī yàng de rén shòu mìng bù yī yàng

那么为什么不一样的人寿命不一样

So why do people who are different live differently

bù yī yàng de wù zhǒng shòu mìng yě bù yī yàng

不一样的物种寿命也不一样

Different species have different life spans

wèi shén me wǒ men yě huì yǒu zhè zhǒng shuāi lǎo de jìn chéng

为什么我们也会有这种衰老的进程

Why do we have this aging process

suǒ yǐ kē xué jiā men jiù xiǎng yào tàn xún

所以科学家们就想要探寻

So scientists want to explore

dào dǐ wèi shén me wǒ men huì fā shēng zhè yàng zi de shuāi lǎo

到底为什么我们会发生这样子的衰老

Why do we have such aging

yǒu xiē rén jiù rèn wèi rén jiù xiàng yī bù fēi cháng jīng mì de yí qì yī yàng

有些人就认为人就像一部非常精密的仪器一样

Some people think that a person is like a very sophisticated instrument

xū yào bù tóng de qì guān zǔ zhī fēi cháng xì tǒng dì qù jìn xíng xié diào

需要不同的器官组织非常系统地去进行协调

Need different organs to coordinate very systematically

dāng zhè gè yí qì yùn xíng jiǔ le

当这个仪器运行久了

When this instrument has been running for a long time

zì rán ér rán jiù huì yǒu hào sǔn

自然而然就会有耗损

There will be wear and tear naturally

yǒu le hào sǔn jiù huì yǒu shuāi lǎo

有了耗损就会有衰老

With wear, there will be aging

ér zhè gè xì bāo zuò wèi wǒ men shēn tǐ lǐ měi yī gè qì guān de jī běn dān wèi

而这个细胞作为我们身体里每一个器官的基本单位

And this cell is the basic unit of every organ in our body

qǐ dào le jué dìng xìng de zuò yòng

起到了决定性的作用

Played a decisive role

yī dàn zhè gè xì bāo jìn xíng le hào sǔn zhī hòu

一旦这个细胞进行了耗损之后

Once this cell is depleted

jiù huì dǎo zhì shuāi lǎo de jìn chéng

就会导致衰老的进程

Will lead to the aging process

wèi le yán jiū shuāi lǎo de yuán lǐ

为了研究衰老的原理

To study the principles of aging

chǎn shēng le hěn duō hěn duō xiāng guān de lǐ lùn

产生了很多很多相关的理论

Produced many, many related theories

qí zhōng bāo kuò le zhè zhǒng yǎng zì yóu jī xué shuō

其中包括了这种氧自由基学说

Which includes this oxygen free radical theory

tā rèn wèi suí zhe xì bāo de jìn chéng

他认为随着细胞的进程

He believes that as the cell progresses

tā zhè gè dài xiè guò chéng dāng zhōng huì chǎn shēng hěn duō de yǎng zì yóu jī

它这个代谢过程当中会产生很多的氧自由基

It generates a lot of oxygen free radicals during its metabolism

dàn shì suí zhe shuāi lǎo de fā shēng

但是随着衰老的发生

But as aging occurs

zhè zhǒng yǎng zì yóu jī bù néng bèi jí shí dì qīng chú

这种氧自由基不能被及时地清除

This kind of oxygen free radicals cannot be eliminated in time

zào chéng le zhè gè xì bāo de sǔn shāng

造成了这个细胞的损伤

Caused damage to this cell

ér sǔn shāng de xì bāo zuì zhōng dǎo zhì le shuāi lǎo

而损伤的细胞最终导致了衰老

And damaged cells eventually lead to senescence

lìng wài hái yǒu lǐ lùn rèn wèi shì duān lì de quē shī dǎo zhì le shuāi lǎo

另外还有理论认为是端粒的缺失导致了衰老

There are also theories that the loss of telomeres leads to aging

nà duān lì shì shén me ne

那端粒是什么呢

What is telomere?

wǒ men qí shí měi gè rén dōu yǒu tiáo rǎn sè tǐ

我们其实每个人都有46条染色体

In fact, each of us has 46 chromosomes

ér rǎn sè tǐ de liǎng duān qí shí dōu shì duān lì de qū yù

而染色体的两端其实都是端粒的区域

The ends of the chromosomes are actually telomere regions

jiù xiàng wǒ men chuān xié de xié dài liǎng duān bǎo hù xié dài sōng sàn de jié gòu yī yàng

就像我们穿鞋的鞋带两端保护鞋带松散的结构一样

Just like the ends of the laces on our shoes protect the loose structure of the laces

tā qí shí yě qǐ dào le wěn dìng rǎn sè tǐ de zuò yòng

它其实也起到了稳定染色体的作用

It actually also stabilizes the chromosome

bàn suí zhe xì bāo yī cì yòu yī cì de fù zhì hé fēn liè

伴随着细胞一次又一次的复制和分裂

Accompanied by cell replication and division time and time again

duān lì de qū yù huì yuè lái yuè duǎn

端粒的区域会越来越短

The telomere area will get shorter and shorter

dāng tā suō duǎn huò zhě xiāo shī yǐ hòu

当它缩短或者消失以后

When it shortens or disappears

jiù huì dǎo zhì zhè gè rǎn sè tǐ de bù wěn dìng

就会导致这个染色体的不稳定

Will cause the instability of this chromosome

duì zhè gè xì bāo zào chéng sǔn shāng

对这个细胞造成损伤

Cause damage to this cell

hái yǒu de kē xué jiā rèn wèi sǔn shāng lèi jī dǎo zhì de shuāi lǎo

还有的科学家认为dna损伤累积导致的衰老

Some scientists believe that the accumulation of DNA damage causes aging

shuō míng wǒ men zài zhè gè huán jìng dāng zhōng

说明我们在这个环境当中

Explain that we are in this environment

bǐ rú shuō guāng zhào

比如说光照

For example, light

qí tā de yīn sù dǎo zhì xì bāo fù zhì dāng zhōng

其他的因素导致细胞复制当中

Other factors cause cells to replicate

chǎn shēng le zhè zhǒng cuò wù lèi jī dǎo zhì de shuāi lǎo de jìn chéng

产生了这种错误累积导致的衰老的进程

The aging process caused by this accumulation of errors

yě yǒu rén rèn wèi shì xì bāo shuāi lǎo xué shuō

也有人认为是细胞衰老学说

Some people think it is the cell aging theory

tā rèn wèi zài fā yù de shēng zhǎng guò chéng dāng zhōng

他认为在发育的生长过程当中

He believes that in the process of development

dāng xì bāo tíng zhǐ fù zhì hé fēn liè zhī hòu

当细胞停止复制和分裂之后

When the cell stops replicating and dividing

zhè yī lèi xì bāo wǒ men chēng zhī wèi shuāi lǎo xì bāo

这一类细胞我们称之为衰老细胞

This type of cell is called senescent cell

nián qīng shí hòu shēn tǐ kě yǐ hěn róng yì dì

年轻时候身体可以很容易地

The body can easily

jiù bǎ zhè xiē shuāi lǎo xì bāo jí shí dì qīng chú diào

就把这些衰老细胞及时地清除掉

Remove these senescent cells in time

dàn shì suí zhe nián líng de zēng zhǎng

但是随着年龄的增长

But with age

bìng bù néng hěn hǎo dì shí bié zhè xiē shuāi lǎo xì bāo

并不能很好地识别这些衰老细胞

Does not recognize these senescent cells well

zào chéng tā men zài shēn tǐ lǐ de lèi jī

造成它们在身体里的累积

Cause them to accumulate in the body

duì yú qí tā zhèng cháng de xì bāo chǎn shēng sǔn shāng dǎo zhì shuāi lǎo

对于其他正常的细胞产生损伤导致衰老

Damage to other normal cells leads to aging

hái yǒu rén rèn wèi tā shì jī yīn diào kòng jué dìng de

还有人认为它是基因调控决定的

Some people think it is determined by gene regulation

cóng fù mǔ nà ér lái de zhè yī tào dōng xī jiù jué dìng le nǐ dào dǐ néng huó duō zhǎng

从父母那儿来的这一套东西就决定了你到底能活多长

This set of things from your parents determines how long you can live

suǒ yǒu de zhè yī xiē xué shuō

所有的这一些学说

All these theories

bù guǎn tā men dōu jiān chí shén me yàng de dào lǐ

不管他们都坚持什么样的道理

No matter what kind of reason they insist

tā men dōu chéng rèn yī jiàn shì shí

他们都承认一件事实

They all admit one fact

jiù shì shuāi lǎo shì bù kě bì miǎn de

就是衰老是不可避免的

That aging is inevitable

dàn shì yán huǎn shuāi lǎo què shì kě xíng de

但是延缓衰老却是可行的

But it is feasible to delay aging

suǒ yǐ tā men xiǎng zài shí yàn shì lǐ biān qù yán jiū

所以他们想在实验室里边去研究

So they want to study in the laboratory

kàn kàn bù tóng de wù zhǒng yǐ jí wù zhǒng dāng zhōng bù tóng de gè tǐ

看看不同的物种以及物种当中不同的个体

Look at different species and different individuals in species

wèi shén me huì yǒu bù yī yàng de shòu mìng

为什么会有不一样的寿命

Why is there a different life span

qí shí yuǎn dào yà lǐ shì duō dé shí dài de shí hòu tā jiù zài sī kǎo zhè gè wèn tí

其实远到亚里士多德时代的时候他就在思考这个问题

In fact, he was thinking about this issue as far back as Aristotle’s time

tā qí zhōng guān chá dào le yī gè xiàn xiàng

他其中观察到了一个现象

He observed a phenomenon

jiù shì hǎo xiàng gè tóu dà de dòng wù shòu mìng xiāng duì bǐ jiào zhǎng

就是好像个头大的动物寿命相对比较长

It seems that big animals have a relatively long lifespan

xiàn zài de kē xué jiā zuò le zhè me yī gè diào chá

现在的科学家做了这么一个调查

Now scientists have done such a survey

tā men jiāng dòng wù de tǐ zhòng hé tā de shòu mìng zuò le yī gè xiāng guān xìng de duì bǐ

他们将动物的体重和它的寿命做了一个相关性的对比

They compared the weight of the animal to its life span.

tā men fā xiàn què shí dà bù fēn de dòng wù dōu fú hé zhè yī gè guī lǜ

他们发现确实大部分的动物都符合这一个规律

They found that indeed most animals conform to this rule

bàn suí zhe tā men tǐ zhòng de zēng jiā

伴随着它们体重的增加

With their weight gain

shòu mìng yě yǒu le xiǎn zhù de yán zhǎng

寿命也有了显著的延长

Life span has also been significantly extended

bǐ rú zhè lǐ biān zhǎn shì de gōng tóu jīng

比如这里边展示的弓头鲸

For example, the bowhead whale shown here

shì xiàn dài bǔ rǔ dòng wù lǐ miàn shòu mìng zuì jiǔ de

是现代哺乳动物里面寿命最久的

Is the longest-lived among modern mammals

kě yǐ dá dào suì yǐ shàng

可以达到200岁以上

Can be over 200 years old

hái yǒu guī lèi kě yǐ huó dào suì

还有龟类可以活到100岁

There are turtles that can live to 100 years old

wǒ men zhī dào jiā lǐ biān yǒu yǎng chǒng wù de

我们知道家里边有养宠物的

We know there are pets at home

gǒu de shòu mìng chà yì bǐ jiào dà

狗的寿命差异比较大

The life span of dogs is quite different

yǒu jǐ suì dào shí jǐ suì de

有几岁到十几岁的

How old to teenage

xiǎo shǔ dà gài yī dào sān nián

小鼠大概一到三年

The mouse is about one to three years

ér guǒ yíng zhǐ yǒu jǐ gè yuè

而果蝇只有几个月

And fruit flies are only a few months old

dàn shì dà bù fēn de dòng wù dōu zài fú hé zhè yī gè guī lǜ de shí hòu

但是大部分的动物都在符合这一个规律的时候

But most animals conform to this rule

yě yǒu yī xiē shì lì wài de

也有一些是例外的

There are some exceptions

wǒ xiǎng zài zuò de kě néng yǒu xiē rén

我想在座的可能有些人

I think there may be some people here

shì bù shì kāi shǐ mò mò dì jì suàn zì jǐ de tǐ zhòng

是不是开始默默地计算自己的体重

Did you start to calculate your weight silently?

huò zhě xiǎng yào wèi bù yòng jiǎn féi zhǎo dào le lìng wài yī gè hé lǐ de jiè kǒu

或者想要为不用减肥找到了另外一个合理的借口

Or want to find another reasonable excuse for not losing weight

wǒ xū yào tí xǐng dà jiā de shì

我需要提醒大家的是

I need to remind everyone

wǒ gāng cái jiǎng de zhè gè shuāi lǎo jìn huà lǐ lùn

我刚才讲的这个衰老进化理论

The theory of aging evolution that I just talked about

qí shí zhǐ yīng yòng yú bù tóng wù zhǒng zhī jiān de bǐ jiào

其实只应用于不同物种之间的比较

Actually only used for comparison between different species

dàn shì zài tóng yī wù zhǒng jiān bù tóng de gè tǐ què bìng bù shì yòng

但是在同一物种间不同的个体却并不适用

But it’s not applicable to different individuals in the same species

xià miàn wǒ yào jiǎng de yī gè lǐ lùn

下面我要讲的一个理论

A theory I want to talk about

kě néng duì yú zhuī qiú shēng mìng zài yú jìng zhǐ de rén lái shuō huì tè bié dì kāi xīn

可能对于追求生命在于静止的人来说会特别地开心

May be especially happy for those who pursue life in stillness

zhè yī gè lǐ lùn rèn wèi dài xiè lǜ gēn shuāi lǎo yǒu zhe xiǎn zhù de guān xì

这一个理论认为代谢率跟衰老有着显著的关系

This theory believes that metabolic rate has a significant relationship with aging

dài xiè lǜ yuè gāo de dòng wù shòu mìng yuè duǎn

代谢率越高的动物寿命越短

Animals with higher metabolic rates have shorter lifespans

suǒ yǐ tā men jiāng dòng wù de xīn lǜ hé tā men de shòu mìng zuò le xiāng guān xìng de fēn xī

所以他们将动物的心率和他们的寿命做了相关性的分析

So they analyzed the correlation between the heart rate of animals and their lifespan

tā men fā xiàn què shí zhè gè xīn lǜ yuè gāo de dòng wù

他们发现确实这个心率越高的动物

They found that indeed this animal with a higher heart rate

pì rú xiǎo shǔ dà shǔ

譬如小鼠大鼠

For example, mice and rats

tā men de shòu mìng xiāng duì jiào duǎn

它们的寿命相对较短

They have a relatively short lifespan

ér zuò wèi jīng shī zi dà xiàng děng

而作为鲸狮子大象等

And as a whale, lion, elephant, etc.

tā men de xīn lǜ jiào dī

它们的心率较低

Their heart rate is low

tā men de shòu mìng hěn zhǎng

它们的寿命很长

They have a long life

dàn shì xū yào tí xǐng yī xià de shì

但是需要提醒一下的是

But what needs to be reminded is

zhè lǐ biān rén chú wài

这里边人除外

Except people here

hái yǒu yī gè dòng wù yě lì wài

还有一个动物也例外

There is also an exception for animals

yīng wǔ tā de xīn lǜ kě yǐ dá dào měi fēn zhōng cì zuǒ yòu

鹦鹉它的心率可以达到每分钟600次左右

The parrot's heart rate can reach about 600 beats per minute

dàn shì tā de shòu mìng kě yǐ huó dào dào suì

但是它的寿命可以活到70到80岁

But its life span can live to 70 to 80 years

suǒ yǐ shuō zhè yě jǐn jǐn shì yī gè lǐ lùn

所以说这也仅仅是一个理论

So this is just a theory

wèi shén me dà gè tóu huó dé bǐ jiào zhǎng ne

为什么大个头活得比较长呢

Why do big people live longer

kē xué jiā men jiù pǔ biàn dì rèn wèi yǒu kě néng shì yīn wèi tā men de gè tóu dà

科学家们就普遍地认为有可能是因为它们的个头大

Scientists generally believe that it may be because of their size

suǒ yǐ tā men shòu dào de wēi xié bǐ jiào xiǎo

所以它们受到的威胁比较小

So they are less threatened

suǒ yǐ tā men bù yòng dān xīn kě néng míng tiān jiù huì chéng wèi bié rén zhuō shàng de wǔ cān

所以它们不用担心可能明天就会成为别人桌上的午餐

So they don’t have to worry that they might become lunch on someone’s table tomorrow

suǒ yǐ tā men kě yǐ tóu zī gèng duō de zī yuán zài shēng zhǎng zì jǐ de shēn tǐ

所以它们可以投资更多的资源在生长自己的身体

So they can invest more resources in growing their bodies

dāng zhǎng dào zú gòu qiáng zhuàng de shí hòu zài chǎn hòu dài

当长到足够强壮的时候再产后代

Reproduce offspring when they are strong enough

xiāng duì yú gè tóu xiǎo de xiǎo shǔ lái shuō

相对于个头小的小鼠来说

Compared to small mice

tā men jiù xū yào kuài sù dì chéng zhǎng

它们就需要快速地成长

They need to grow quickly

yǐ jí fēi cháng qiáng yǒu lì de fán zhí néng lì lái fán yǎn tā de hòu dài

以及非常强有力的繁殖能力来繁衍它的后代

And very powerful reproductive ability to reproduce its offspring

wǒ men bǎ mù guāng jù dào dà xiàng shēn shàng

我们把目光聚到大象身上

We focus on the elephant

dà xiàng qí shí suàn shì dòng wù jiè de yī gè zhǎng shòu míng xīng

大象其实算是动物界的一个长寿明星

The elephant is actually a longevity star in the animal kingdom

dà xiàng kě yǐ huó dào dào suì zuǒ yòu

大象可以活到70到80岁左右

Elephants can live to be around 70 to 80 years old

ér qiě tā bù jǐn jǐn shì huó dé zhǎng

而且它不仅仅是活得长

And it's not just to live long

ér qiě tā yě huó dé bǐ jiào jiàn kāng

而且它也活得比较健康

And it lives healthier

wèi shén me ne

为什么呢

why

tā de ái zhèng fā bìng lǜ bǐ rén dī hěn duō

它的癌症发病率比人低很多

Its cancer incidence is much lower than humans

wèi shén me dà xiàng jì huó dé zhǎng yòu bù dé ái zhèng ne

为什么大象既活得长又不得癌症呢

Why do elephants live long without cancer

zhè lǐ jiù yào jiǎng dào zhè me yī gè fā xiàn

这里就要讲到这么一个发现

Here is such a discovery

kē xué jiā men fā xiàn zài dà xiàng de shēn tǐ lǐ miàn

科学家们发现在大象的身体里面

Scientists found that inside the elephant’s body

yǒu hěn duō de kǎo bèi de yì ái jī yīn

有很多的拷贝的抑癌基因

There are many copies of tumor suppressor genes

zhè gè yì ái jī yīn jiào zuò

这个抑癌基因叫做tp53

This tumor suppressor gene is called TP53

zhè shì yī gè fēi cháng zhòng yào de yì ái jī yīn

这是一个非常重要的抑癌基因

This is a very important tumor suppressor gene

wèi shén me tā zhè me zhòng yào ne

为什么它这么重要呢

Why is it so important

zài xì bāo dāng zhōng

在细胞当中

In the cell

rú guǒ xì bāo shòu dào wài jiè de xié pò de qíng kuàng xià

如果细胞受到外界的胁迫的情况下

If the cells are under external stress

huì jī huó zhè yī gè jī yīn de biǎo dá

会激活这一个基因的表达

Will activate the expression of this gene

dāng zhè gè jī yīn de biǎo dá liàng shàng shēng zhī hòu

当这个基因的表达量上升之后

When the expression of this gene rises

jiù huì yòu dǎo xì bāo jìn rù tíng zhì qī

就会诱导细胞进入停滞期

Will induce the cells to enter the stasis phase

huò zhě yòu dǎo xì bāo sǐ wáng

或者诱导细胞死亡

Or induce cell death

yǐ jí kě yǐ diào kòng xì bāo de dài xiè

以及可以调控细胞的代谢

And can regulate cell metabolism

zǒng de lái shuō jiù shì zhè gè jī yīn

总的来说就是这个基因

Generally speaking, this gene

qí shí zǔ zhǐ le zhèng cháng xì bāo wǎng zhǒng liú xì bāo zhuǎn biàn

其实阻止了正常细胞往肿瘤细胞转变

Actually prevents normal cells from transforming into tumor cells

wǒ men kě yǐ kàn dào zài zhè zhāng tú zhōng

我们可以看到在这张图中

We can see in this picture

rén lèi zhǐ yǒu yī gè kǎo bèi de de jī yīn

人类只有一个拷贝的tp53的基因

Humans have only one copy of the TP53 gene

yī dàn tū biàn diào zhī hòu

一旦突变掉之后

Once the mutation is gone

huàn shàng ái zhèng de jī lǜ jiù huì dà dà dì shēng gāo

患上癌症的机率就会大大地升高

The chance of getting cancer will be greatly increased

dàn shì zài fēi zhōu xiàng zhōng yǒu gè kǎo bèi

但是在非洲象中有20个拷贝

But there are 20 copies in African elephants

yī gè quē shī zhī hòu

一个缺失之后

After a missing

hái yǒu hěn duō zhèng cháng de kě yǐ xíng shǐ gōng néng

还有很多正常的可以行使功能

There are many other normal functions

xià miàn wǒ yào jiǎng de zhè yàng yī gè dòng wù

下面我要讲的这样一个动物

The animal I want to talk about

tā jiào zuò luǒ yǎn shǔ

它叫做裸鼹鼠

It's called a naked mole rat

kàn zhe tā yǒu diǎn chǒu

看着它有点丑

Looks ugly

méi yǒu shén me máo fā

没有什么毛发

No hair

pí fū yě shì zhòu zhòu bā bā de

皮肤也是皱皱巴巴的

The skin is also wrinkled

dàn qiān wàn bù yào xiǎo qiáo tā

但千万不要小瞧它

But don't underestimate it

tā kě yǐ huó dào dào suì

它可以活到30到40岁

It can live to be 30 to 40 years old

ér qiě shì niè chǐ lèi dòng wù dāng zhōng zuì zhǎng de yī gè wù zhǒng

而且是啮齿类动物当中最长的一个物种

And it’s the longest species among rodents

nǐ kě néng xiǎng shuō dào suì hǎo xiàng yě méi yǒu duō zhǎng

你可能想说30到40岁好像也没有多长

You might want to say that 30 to 40 years old doesn’t seem to be long

dàn shì xiāng bǐ tā de tǐ xíng yǐ jí tā de tóng zhǒng wù zhǒng de xiǎo shǔ lái shuō

但是相比它的体型以及它的同种物种的小鼠来说

But compared to its size and its same species of mice

jiā shǔ zhǐ néng huó dào dào nián

家鼠只能活到1到3年

House mice can only live to 1 to 3 years

tā nián de shòu mìng yīng gāi suàn shì shén xiān jí bié de le

它30年的寿命应该算是神仙级别的了

Its 30-year life span should be regarded as a fairy level

ér qiě wǒ fàng yī duàn shì pín dà jiā kàn yī xià

而且我放一段视频大家看一下

And I will put a video for everyone to watch

tā qí shí shì huó zài dì dòng lǐ miàn

它其实是活在地洞里面

It actually lives in a cave

ér qiě tā zhè gè pí fū dàn xìng fēi cháng dì hǎo

而且它这个皮肤弹性非常地好

And its skin elasticity is very good

suǒ yǐ biàn yú tā men zài dì dòng lǐ miàn hù xiāng jiāo cuò tōng guò tōng xíng

所以便于它们在地洞里面互相交错通过通行

So it is convenient for them to pass through each other in the hole

tā yě yǒu yī gè hǎo chù yī gè yōu diǎn

它也有一个好处一个优点

It also has one advantage and one advantage

kě néng měi gè rén dōu tè bié dì xiàn mù

可能每个人都特别地羡慕

Maybe everyone is particularly envious

jiù shì tā yě bù dé ái zhèng

就是它也不得癌症

Even it must not have cancer

zhì jīn yǐ jīng yán jiū guò shàng wàn zhǐ de luǒ yǎn shǔ

至今已经研究过上万只的裸鼹鼠

So far, thousands of naked mole rats have been studied

dōu méi yǒu fā xiàn tā men yǒu ái zhèng jì xiàng

都没有发现它们有癌症迹象

They have not found any signs of cancer

tóng shí nǐ jiāng tā zhì yú zhì ái wù de huán jìng dāng zhōng

同时你将它置于致癌物的环境当中

At the same time you put it in a carcinogen environment

yě bù yòu fā tā de ái zhèng

也不诱发它的癌症

Does not cause its cancer

dàn shì tā bù dé ái zhèng de yuán yīn què gēn dà xiàng jié rán bù tóng

但是它不得癌症的原因却跟大象截然不同

But the reason it can’t be cancer is completely different from that of elephants

tā shì shén me yuán yīn ne

它是什么原因呢

Why is it

kē yán gōng zuò zhě zài shí yàn shì de yán jiū zhōng fā xiàn

科研工作者在实验室的研究中发现

Researchers discovered in laboratory research

dāng tā men zài péi yǎng luǒ yǎn shǔ de xì bāo de shí hòu

当他们在培养裸鼹鼠的细胞的时候

When they were growing naked mole rats

tā men fā xiàn gēn péi yǎng bié de dòng wù de xì bāo bù tài yī yàng

他们发现跟培养别的动物的细胞不太一样

They found that it is different from culturing cells from other animals

tā men kàn dào zhè gè xì bāo zài jīng guò jǐ tiān de péi yǎng zhī hòu

他们看到这个细胞在经过几天的培养之后

They saw this cell after a few days of cultivation

zhè gè péi yǎng yè huì biàn dé fēi cháng dì zhān chóu

这个培养液会变得非常地粘稠

This medium will become very viscous

qí tā de xì bāo dōu hěn zhèng cháng

其它的细胞都很正常

Other cells are normal

zhè me zhān chóu de dōng xī dào dǐ shì shén me ne

这么粘稠的东西到底是什么呢

What the hell is such a sticky thing

tā shì bù shì gēn yì zhì ái zhèng de biǎo xíng fēi cháng xiāng guān ne

它是不是跟抑制癌症的表型非常相关呢

Is it very related to the phenotype of cancer suppression?

zuì zhōng tā men jiàn dìng dào zhè yàng yī gè wù zhì jiào zuò gāo fēn zi liàng tòu míng zhì suān

最终他们鉴定到这样一个物质叫做高分子量透明质酸

Finally, they identified such a substance called high molecular weight hyaluronic acid

què shí tā de cún zài yì zhì le ái zhèng de fā shēng

确实它的存在抑制了癌症的发生

Indeed its existence inhibits the occurrence of cancer

tā yòu shì wèi shén me ne

它又是为什么呢

Why is it

yīn wèi dāng xì bāo hé xì bāo zài jiē chù de shí hòu

因为当细胞和细胞在接触的时候

Because when the cell and the cell are in contact

dāng zhǎng dào yī dìng chéng dù de shí hòu

当长到一定程度的时候

When it grows to a certain level

tā men qí shí jiù huì tíng zhǐ shēng zhǎng

它们其实就会停止生长

They actually stop growing

bù huì jǐ zhàn bié rén de kōng jiān

不会挤占别人的空间

Will not squeeze other people's space

zhè shì zhèng cháng xì bāo zài zhèng cháng qíng kuàng xià de zhè yàng yī gè xíng wèi

这是正常细胞在正常情况下的这样一个行为

This is such a behavior of normal cells under normal conditions

suǒ yǐ zhè gè gāo fēn zi liàng tòu míng zhì suān

所以这个高分子量透明质酸

So this high molecular weight hyaluronic acid

qí shí jiù zǔ zhǐ le zhè gè xì bāo hé xì bāo zhī jiān

其实就阻止了这个细胞和细胞之间

In fact, it prevents this cell and the cell

hù xiāng jiē chù zhī hòu guò dù de zēng zhí

互相接触之后过度的增殖

Excessive proliferation after contact

ér ái xì bāo jiù shì quē shī le zhè yàng zi yī zhǒng néng lì

而癌细胞就是缺失了这样子一种能力

And cancer cells lack such an ability

suǒ yǐ dāng jiē chù dào le zhī hòu tā men yě bù huì tíng zhǐ huì jì xù dì fēn liè

所以当接触到了之后它们也不会停止会继续地分裂

So when they come into contact, they won’t stop and will continue to split

suǒ yǐ shuō zhè gè gāo fēn zi liàng tòu míng zhì suān

所以说这个高分子量透明质酸

So this high molecular weight hyaluronic acid

qí shí duì yú luǒ yǎn shǔ lái shuō qǐ dào le yī dìng de yì ái zuò yòng

其实对于裸鼹鼠来说起到了一定的抑癌作用

In fact, it has a certain anti-cancer effect for naked mole rats

tóng shí yě ràng tā zhè gè pí fū de dàn xìng fēi cháng fēi cháng hǎo

同时也让它这个皮肤的弹性非常非常好

At the same time, the elasticity of the skin is very, very good

nǐ kě néng huì zài xiǎng gàn cuì zhí jiē gěi wǒ men rén lái diǎn suàn le

你可能会在想干脆直接给我们人来点算了

You might be thinking about giving it to us.

shuō bù dìng kě yǐ yì zhì ái zhèng

说不定可以抑制癌症

Maybe it can suppress cancer

qí shí wǒ xiǎng gào sù dà jiā de shì

其实我想告诉大家的是

Actually, what I want to tell everyone is

wǒ men rén shēn tǐ lǐ miàn yě yǒu zhè zhǒng wù zhì

我们人身体里面也有这种物质

We also have this substance in our body

dàn tā men de chà bié jiù zài yú

但它们的差别就在于

But their difference is

luǒ yǎn shǔ dāng zhōng de tòu míng zhì suān

裸鼹鼠当中的透明质酸

Hyaluronic acid in naked mole rats

zhè lǐ xiǎn shì de

这里显示的

Shown here

tā de fēn zi liàng shì rén lǐ biān tòu míng zhì suān de bèi dà

它的分子量是人里边透明质酸的5倍大

Its molecular weight is 5 times larger than that of human hyaluronic acid

suǒ yǐ tā zhè gè fēn zi liàng shì fēi cháng dà de shì bù tài yī yàng de

所以它这个分子量是非常大的是不太一样的

So its molecular weight is very large and not the same

nǐ xiǎng shuō rén shēn tǐ lǐ biān chǎn shēng zhè gè tòu míng zhì suān dào dǐ zài nǎ ya

你想说人身体里边产生这个透明质酸到底在哪呀

You want to say where is this hyaluronic acid produced in the human body?

qí shí wǒ huàn yī gè míng cí dà jiā kě néng jiù bù mò shēng le

其实我换一个名词大家可能就不陌生了

In fact, if I change a term, everyone may be familiar with it

zhè gè tòu míng zhì suān yě jiào zuò bō niào suān

这个透明质酸也叫做玻尿酸

This hyaluronic acid is also called hyaluronic acid

xiàn zài bèi guǎng fàn dì yòng yú yī měi xíng yè

现在被广泛地用于医美行业

Now widely used in the medical beauty industry

kě yǐ qù zhòu

可以去皱

Can remove wrinkles

dàn qí shí chú le měi róng fāng miàn de gōng néng

但其实除了美容方面的功能

But in fact, in addition to the beauty function

tā qí shí duì wǒ men fēi cháng dì zhòng yào

它其实对我们非常地重要

It is actually very important to us

xiàng wǒ men de yǎn qiú guān jié hái yǒu pí xià

像我们的眼球关节还有皮下

Like our eyeball joints and subcutaneous

qí shí dōu fù hán bō niào suān

其实都富含玻尿酸

Are actually rich in hyaluronic acid

dào dǐ luǒ yǎn shǔ dāng zhōng de zhè xiē gāo fēn zi liàng de tòu míng zhì suān

到底裸鼹鼠当中的这些高分子量的透明质酸

The high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in naked mole rats

zuì zhōng néng bù néng yīng yòng dào wǒ men rén tǐ dāng zhōng yì zhì ái zhèng

最终能不能应用到我们人体当中抑制癌症

Can it be finally applied to our body to suppress cancer

kē xué jiā men hái zài tàn suǒ

科学家们还在探索

Scientists are still exploring

jiē xià lái zhè yī gè tú piàn tǐng piāo liàng de

接下来这一个图片挺漂亮的

The next picture is pretty

tā yě shì shuāi lǎo yán jiū dāng zhōng de yī gè bù dé bù tí de wù zhǒng

它也是衰老研究当中的一个不得不提的物种

It is also one of the species that must be mentioned in aging research

tā jiào shuǐ mǔ

它叫水母

It's called jellyfish

tā qí shí bìng bù shì yīn wèi huó dé zhǎng

它其实并不是因为活得长

It’s not because of living long

huò zhě shì tā kě yǐ yán huǎn shuāi lǎo ér yǒu míng

或者是它可以延缓衰老而有名

Or it is famous for delaying aging

ér shì yīn wèi tā jù yǒu yī zhǒng tè shū de néng lì

而是因为它具有一种特殊的能力

But because it has a special ability

zhè zhǒng fǎn lǎo hái tóng de néng lì

这种返老还童的能力

This ability to rejuvenate

huàn jù huà shuō jiù shì dāng tā de gè tǐ shuāi lǎo dào yī dìng chéng dù de shí hòu

换句话说就是当它的个体衰老到一定程度的时候

In other words, when its individual ages to a certain degree

tā bìng bù huì jìn xíng sǐ wáng

它并不会进行死亡

It will not die

xiāng fǎn tā huì jiāng tā zì shēn de xì bāo zhuǎn huà chéng nián qīng xì bāo

相反它会将它自身的细胞转化成年轻细胞

Instead it transforms its own cells into young cells

pì rú tā kě yǐ jiāng tā de jī ròu xì bāo zhuǎn huà chéng shén jīng xì bāo

譬如它可以将它的肌肉细胞转化成神经细胞

For example, it can transform its muscle cells into nerve cells

yǐ jí jīng zi huò zhě luǎn zi

以及精子或者卵子

And sperm or eggs

tóng shí tā huì jiāng zì jǐ bāo chéng yī gè xiǎo de náng pào

同时它会将自己包成一个小的囊泡

At the same time it packs itself into a small vesicle

zài cóng zhè gè náng pào zhōng fā yù chéng hěn duō xīn de gè tǐ

再从这个囊泡中发育成很多新的个体

And then develop into many new individuals from this vesicle

suǒ yǐ huàn jù huà shuō shuǐ mǔ de zhǎng shēng bù lǎo qí shí bù shì yán huǎn shuāi lǎo

所以换句话说水母的长生不老其实不是延缓衰老

So in other words, the immortality of jellyfish is not actually delaying aging

yě bù shì shuāi lǎo de tíng zhì

也不是衰老的停滞

It's not the stagnation of aging

tā qí shí shì yī zhǒng lún huí

它其实是一种轮回

It is actually a kind of reincarnation

jiē xià lái zhè gè shì biān fú de yī zhǒng

接下来这个是蝙蝠的一种

The next one is a kind of bat

tā jiào zuò bù shì shǔ ěr fú

它叫做布氏鼠耳蝠

It's called Bryce Myotis

tā chú le dài yǒu wǒ gāng cái shuō dào de

它除了带有我刚才说到的

In addition to what I just mentioned

dà xiàng xié dài de de jī yīn duō kǎo bèi yǐ wài

大象携带的tp53的基因多拷贝以外

The elephant carries multiple copies of the TP53 gene

tā hái yǒu yī gè fēi cháng zhòng yào de tè diǎn

它还有一个非常重要的特点

It also has a very important feature

jiù shì tā xié dài yī gè de diǎn tū biàn

就是它携带一个igf的点突变

Is that it carries an IGF point mutation

nǐ men kě yǐ kàn dào zhè zhāng tú piàn xiǎn shì

你们可以看到这张图片显示

You can see this picture shows

tā qí shí méi yǒu zhè me dà

它其实没有这么大

It's actually not that big

tā qí shí kě néng zhǐ bǐ fāng táng dà yī diǎn diǎn

它其实可能只比方糖大一点点

It may actually be only slightly larger than sugar cubes

suǒ yǐ xiāng duì yú tā de tǐ xíng

所以相对于它的体型

So relative to its size

tā kě yǐ huó dào dào nián lái shuō de huà

它可以活到30到40年来说的话

If it can live to 30-40 years

yě shì fēi cháng jí duān de lì zi

也是非常极端的例子

Is also a very extreme example

wèi shén me tā xié dài zhè gè diǎn tū biàn jiù yì wèi zhe tā huó dé zhǎng ne

为什么它携带这个点突变就意味着它活得长呢

Why does it carry this point mutation means it lives long?

nà me tā shì yī gè lèi shì yú yí dǎo sù lèi shēng zhǎng jī sù de shòu tǐ

那么它是一个类似于胰岛素类生长激素的受体

So it is a receptor similar to insulin-like growth hormone

dāng nǐ zhè gè shòu tǐ bù néng gǎn shòu dào wài jiè de cì jī xìn hào shí

当你这个受体不能感受到外界的刺激信号时

When your receptor can't feel the external stimulus signal

tā huì yòu dǎo xià yóu chǎn shēng yī xì liè de fǎn yīng

它会诱导下游产生一系列的反应

It induces a series of reactions downstream

pì rú shuō zhuǎn rù hěn duō de jī yīn

譬如说转入很多的基因

For example, transfer a lot of genes

ér zhè xiē jī yīn qí shí kě yǐ qǐ dào yán huǎn shuāi lǎo de zuò yòng

而这些基因其实可以起到延缓衰老的作用

These genes can actually delay aging

tí dào de diǎn tū biàn

提到igf的点突变

Mention of point mutations in IGF

jiù bù dé bù shuō zhè me yī gè zhòng yào de rén wù

就不得不说这么一个重要的人物

I have to say such an important person

jiào shòu

cynthia kenyon 教授

Professor Cynthia Kenyon

yě shì wǒ zài měi guó zuò bó shì hòu dǎo shī de dǎo shī

也是我在美国做博士后导师的导师

I'm also a mentor to my post-doctoral advisor

tā shì lì yòng yī zhǒng jiào zuò xiù lì xiàn chóng

他是利用一种叫做秀丽线虫

He uses a species called Caenorhabditis elegans

de wù zhǒng lái yán jiū shuāi lǎo

c.elegans的物种来研究衰老

C.elegans species to study aging

tā lì yòng zhè yàng zi yī gè mó shì dòng wù yán jiū shuāi lǎo

他利用这样子一个模式动物研究衰老

He uses such a model animal to study aging

qí shí shì kāi qǐ le shuāi lǎo lǐng yù yán jiū de yī gè zhǎn xīn de piān zhāng

其实是开启了衰老领域研究的一个崭新的篇章

It actually opened a new chapter in the field of aging

nǐ kě néng kě yǐ tōng guò tā de diàn nǎo píng mù shàng

你可能可以通过他的电脑屏幕上

You may be able to pass on his computer screen

kě yǐ kàn dào zhè gè xiù lì xiàn chóng dào dǐ zhǎng shén me yàng

可以看到这个秀丽线虫到底长什么样

You can see what this C. elegans looks like

tā zhè gè píng mù shàng xiǎn shì le yī zhǐ chéng nián de cí xióng tóng tǐ de xiàn chóng

它这个屏幕上显示了一只成年的雌雄同体的线虫

It shows an adult hermaphrodite nematode on this screen

tā qí shí méi yǒu píng mù shàng zhè me dà

它其实没有屏幕上这么大

It’s actually not as big as the screen

tā de zhēn shí de shēn zhǎng zhǐ yǒu yī háo mǐ zuǒ yòu chéng chóng

它的真实的身长只有一毫米左右成虫

Its true length is only about one millimeter as an adult

shì xū yào jiè zhù xiǎn wēi jìng cái kě yǐ guān chá dào

是需要借助显微镜才可以观察到

It can be observed with a microscope

nǐ kě néng huì hǎo qí

你可能会好奇

You might be curious

wèi shén me wǒ men yào yán jiū yī zhǐ chóng zi ya

为什么我们要研究一只虫子呀

Why should we study a bug

shì bù shì tā néng huó dé tè bié zhǎng

是不是它能活得特别长

Can it live very long

qí shí zhè gè xiàn chóng de shēng zhǎng zhōu qī dà gài zhǐ yǒu sān zhōu zuǒ yòu

其实这个线虫的生长周期大概只有三周左右

In fact, the growth cycle of this nematode is only about three weeks

nǐ shuō tā wèi shén me zhè me duǎn wǒ men hái yào yán jiū tā ya

你说它为什么这么短我们还要研究它呀

You said why it is so short, we still have to study it

qià qià jiù shì yīn wèi tā de shòu mìng duǎn

恰恰就是因为它的寿命短

Precisely because of its short lifespan

ér qiě yì yú péi yǎng

而且易于培养

And easy to cultivate

yǐ jí tā kě yǐ zuò yí chuán shāi xuǎn

以及它可以做遗传筛选

And it can do genetic screening

zhè xiē yōu shì cái zài shuāi lǎo yán jiū dāng zhōng fā huī le jù dà de zuò yòng

这些优势才在衰老研究当中发挥了巨大的作用

These advantages have played a huge role in aging research

shì xiǎng yī xià

试想一下

Just imagine

rú guǒ wǒ men qù yán jiū luǒ yǎn shǔ

如果我们去研究裸鼹鼠

If we go to study naked mole rats

yào shōu jí tā yī gè shēng mìng zhōu qī de shù jù

要收集它一个生命周期的数据

To collect data for one life cycle

xū yào děng nián

需要等30年

Need to wait 30 years

xué shēng gū jì dōu lǎo le

学生估计都老了

The students are probably old

dàn shì wǒ men zuò xiàn chóng yī gè shēng mìng zhōu qī de shí yàn zhǐ xū yào yī gè yuè zuǒ yòu

但是我们做线虫一个生命周期的实验只需要一个月左右

But we only need about one month to do a life cycle experiment of nematodes

suǒ yǐ nǐ kě yǐ kàn dào wǒ gāng cái tí dào de tū biàn

所以你可以看到我刚才提到igf的突变

So you can see that I just mentioned the mutation of IGF

zài xiàn chóng lǐ jiào zuò

在线虫里叫做daf-2

Called DAF-2 in the worm

tā yī gè jī yīn de diǎn tū biàn kě yǐ yán zhǎng xiàn chóng shòu mìng liǎng bèi

它一个基因的点突变可以延长线虫寿命两倍

A point mutation in one of its genes can extend the lifespan of the nematode twice

zhè shì yī gè fēi cháng fēi cháng zhòng yào de fā xiàn

这是一个非常非常重要的发现

This is a very, very important discovery

yīn wèi zhè yī fā xiàn yàn zhèng le yī gè dào lǐ

因为这一发现验证了一个道理

Because this discovery proved a truth

shuāi lǎo què shí shì kě yǐ shòu jī yīn diào kòng de

衰老确实是可以受基因调控的

Aging can indeed be regulated by genes

ér qiě dān jī yīn de tū biàn jiù kě yǐ yán zhǎng yī gè wù zhǒng shòu mìng de liǎng bèi

而且单基因的突变就可以延长一个物种寿命的两倍

And a single gene mutation can extend the life span of a species twice

nǐ xiǎng shuō wǒ hái shì bù xìn nǐ

你想说我还是不信你

You want to say i still don't believe you

nǐ yán jiū de shì chóng zi

你研究的是虫子

You are studying bugs

wǒ men shì rén

我们是人

We are human

bù yī yàng

不一样

Different

jiē xià lái wǒ xiǎng shuō

接下来我想说

Next I want to say

zhè yàng zi yī gè xìn hào tōng lù shì zuì xiān zài xiàn chóng zhōng fā xiàn de

这样子一个信号通路是最先在线虫中发现的

Such a signaling pathway was first discovered in C. elegans

dàn shì jiē xià lái hěn kuài zài hěn duō gè wù zhǒng dāng zhōng dōu bèi yàn zhèng le

但是接下来很快在很多个物种当中都被验证了

But soon it was verified in many species

bāo kuò rén lǐ

包括人里

Including people

bǐ rú yǒu xiē zhǎng shòu lǎo rén de shēn tǐ què shí yě fā xiàn yǒu zhè yàng zi de tū biàn

比如有些长寿老人的身体确实也发现有这样子的突变

For example, some long-lived elderly people have indeed found such mutations in their bodies.

suǒ yǐ zài shuāi lǎo zhè yī diǎn shàng

所以在衰老这一点上

So at the point of aging

wǒ men gēn chóng zi shì yǒu yī xiē gòng tóng diǎn de

我们跟虫子是有一些共同点的

We have something in common with bugs

chú le kē xué jiā men duì shuāi lǎo wèn tí yì cháng dì gǎn xīng qù

除了科学家们对衰老问题异常地感兴趣

Except that scientists are unusually interested in aging

jiù lián hù lián wǎng gōng sī gǔ gē yě jiā rù shuāi lǎo yán jiū de dà duì wǔ lái

就连互联网公司谷歌也加入衰老研究的大队伍来

Even Internet company Google has joined the aging research team

zài nián de shí hòu tā men xuān bù chéng lì yī gè

在2013年的时候它们宣布成立一个

In 2013, they announced the establishment of a

zhì lì yú rén lèi shuāi lǎo yán jiū de dú lì gōng sī

致力于人类衰老研究的独立公司

Independent company dedicated to human aging research

jiào zuò zài guī gǔ nà biān

叫做calico 在硅谷那边

Called Calico over in Silicon Valley

tā men yě xiǎng yào jiě jué tàn suǒ rén lèi shuāi lǎo de ào mì

他们也想要解决探索人类衰老的奥秘

They also want to solve the mystery of human aging

tóng qī shí dài zhōu kān yě fā biǎo le píng shù wén zhāng

同期《时代周刊》也发表了评述文章

In the same period, Time Magazine also published commentary articles

tā men xiǎng wèn zhè yàng yī gè wèn tí

他们想问这样一个问题

They want to ask such a question

gǔ gē shì fǒu kě yǐ jiě mǎ sǐ wáng

谷歌是否可以解码死亡

Can Google decode death

wǒ men xiān kàn yī gè zhè gè

我们先看一个这个

Let's look at one

bù zhī dào gǔ gē zuì zhōng néng bù néng jiě mǎ sǐ wáng

不知道谷歌最终能不能解码死亡

I don’t know if Google can finally decode the death

dàn shì wǒ men zhī dào kē huàn piàn dāng zhōng shì zěn me yàng chù lǐ zhè yàng yī gè shì jiàn de

但是我们知道科幻片当中是怎么样处理这样一个事件的

But we know how such an event is handled in science fiction films

wǒ men zhī dào shuāi lǎo shì bù kě bì miǎn de

我们知道衰老是不可避免的

We know that aging is inevitable

dàn shì tài kōng lǚ xíng fēi cháng dì màn zhǎng

但是太空旅行非常地漫长

But space travel is very long

wèi le dá dào zhè me yī gè zhǎng shí jiān de lǚ xíng

为了达到这么一个长时间的旅行

In order to reach such a long journey

yòu bù zhì yú dào dá mù de dì zhī hòu wǒ men dōu bù néng yí zhí zhè gè xīng qiú le

又不至于到达目的地之后我们都不能移植这个星球了

After arriving at the destination, we won’t be able to transplant this planet

suǒ yǐ jīng cháng zài kē huàn piàn zhōng huì chū xiàn zhè yàng yī gè chǎng jǐng

所以经常在科幻片中会出现这样一个场景

So such a scene often appears in science fiction films

jiào zuò xiū mián

叫做休眠

Called hibernation

zài tài kōng lǚ kè zhè gè diàn yǐng lǐ

在《太空旅客》这个电影里

In the movie "Space Traveler"

tā men wèi lǚ kè men zhì zào le suǒ wèi de xiū mián cāng

他们为旅客们制造了所谓的休眠舱

They created so-called dormant cabins for passengers

ràng shēng mìng gè xiàng zhǐ biāo dōu tíng zhì dào mǒu yī gè jiē duàn

让生命各项指标都停滞到某一个阶段

Let all indicators of life stagnate to a certain stage

shuāi lǎo xiāng duì dì yě tíng zhì

衰老相对地也停滞

Aging is relatively stagnant

guò hěn zhǎng de shí jiān kě yǐ zài fù sū guò lái

过很长的时间可以再复苏过来

You can recover after a long time

dàn shì xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng wǒ men xiàn zài hái zuò bù dào

但是现实生活中我们现在还做不到

But in real life we can’t do it now

wǒ men bù néng bì miǎn shuāi lǎo

我们不能避免衰老

We cannot avoid aging

wǒ men yě bù néng jìn rù xiū mián

我们也不能进入休眠

We can't go to sleep

nà wǒ men néng zuò xiē shén me ne

那我们能做些什么呢

So what can we do

wǒ gāng cái tí dào xì bāo yīn wèi shuāi lǎo huì chǎn shēng gè zhǒng gè yàng fù miàn de yǐng xiǎng

我刚才提到细胞因为衰老会产生各种各样负面的影响

I just mentioned that cells will have various negative effects due to aging

kē xué jiā men jiù xiǎng cóng yǐ xià de gè gè fāng miàn

科学家们就想从以下的各个方面

Scientists want to take the following aspects

qù xiū fù shuāi lǎo dài lái de fù miàn yǐng xiǎng

去修复衰老带来的负面影响

To repair the negative effects of aging

yǐ cǐ lái dá dào kě yǐ yán huǎn shuāi lǎo de zhè me yī gè zuò yòng

以此来达到可以延缓衰老的这么一个作用

In order to achieve such a function that can delay aging

tā men néng zěn me zuò ne

他们能怎么做呢

What can they do

qí zhōng bāo kuò suǒ wèi de gàn xì bāo liáo fǎ

其中包括所谓的干细胞疗法

Including so-called stem cell therapy

hái yǒu kě yǐ qīng chú sǔn shāng de xì bāo huī fù duān lì méi de huó xìng

还有可以清除损伤的细胞恢复端粒酶的活性

It can also remove damaged cells and restore telomerase activity

qí zhōng nǐ kě néng néng kàn dào yī gè bǐ jiào shú xī de cí huì

其中你可能能看到一个比较熟悉的词汇

Among them, you may see a familiar vocabulary

jiù shì yǐn shí xiàn zhì

就是饮食限制

Is dietary restriction

zhè gè yǐn shí xiàn zhì yīng gāi shuō shì shuāi lǎo yán jiū lǐng yù lǐ miàn kāi zhǎn zuì guǎng de yī gè yán jiū

这个饮食限制应该说是衰老研究领域里面开展最广的一个研究

This dietary restriction should be said to be the most extensive research in the field of aging research

xià miàn wǒ yào jiǎng dào de zhè xiē rú hé yán huǎn shuāi lǎo de piān zhāng de shí hòu

下面我要讲到的这些如何延缓衰老的篇章的时候

When I’m going to talk about these chapters on how to delay aging

wǒ xū yào yǒu yī gè xiǎo xiǎo de shēng míng

我需要有一个小小的声明

I need to have a small statement

wǒ jīn tiān tí dào de guān yú rú hé yán huǎn shuāi lǎo de yào wù yǐ jí liáo fǎ

我今天提到的关于如何延缓衰老的药物以及疗法

The drugs and treatments I mentioned today about how to delay aging

qí shí dōu zhǐ shì kē xué jiā men zài shí yàn shì dāng zhōng lì yòng mó shì dòng wù

其实都只是科学家们在实验室当中利用模式动物

In fact, they are just scientists using model animals in the laboratory

pì rú hóu zi xiǎo shǔ xiàn chóng guǒ yíng dé dào de jié guǒ

譬如猴子小鼠线虫果蝇得到的结果

For example, the results obtained by the monkey mouse nematode fruit fly

ér mù qián shì miàn shàng méi yǒu yī gè hào chēng shuō shì kě yǐ yán huǎn shuāi lǎo

而目前市面上没有一个号称说是可以延缓衰老

But there is no claim on the market that can delay aging

huò zhě shì tíng zhǐ shuāi lǎo

或者是停止衰老

Or stop aging

huò zhě shì nì shuāi lǎo de yào wù huò zhě liáo fǎ shì dé dào kē xué zhèng shí de

或者是逆衰老的药物或者疗法是得到科学证实的

Or anti-aging drugs or treatments are scientifically proven

suǒ yǐ rú guǒ wǒ men xiǎng zhī dào dào dǐ zhè xiē liáo fǎ

所以如果我们想知道到底这些疗法

So if we want to know these therapies

shì bù shì kě yǐ zuì zhōng yán huǎn rén lèi de shòu mìng ne

是不是可以最终延缓人类的寿命呢

Can it finally delay human life

dōu xū yào zài nài xīn dì děng dài yī duàn shí jiān

都需要再耐心地等待一段时间

Need to wait patiently for a while

yīn wèi zhǐ yǒu lín chuáng shí yàn de jié guǒ cái néng gào sù wǒ men

因为只有临床实验的结果才能告诉我们

Because only the results of clinical trials can tell us

zhè gè yào huò zhě zhè gè liáo fǎ shì bù shì yǒu xiào de

这个药或者这个疗法是不是有效的

Is this medicine or therapy effective?

tí dào xiàn zhì yǐn shí kě yǐ yán huǎn shuāi lǎo

提到限制饮食可以延缓衰老

Mentioned that restricting diet can delay aging

zhè gè yán jiū lǐ miàn zuì zhòng yào de zuì yǒu yì sī de yī gè yán jiū

这个研究里面最重要的最有意思的一个研究

The most important and interesting research in this research

jiù bù dé bù tí hóu zi de shí yàn

就不得不提猴子的实验

I have to mention the monkey experiment

zhè shì yī zǔ kē xué jiā tā men gēn zōng le nián de shí jiān

这是一组科学家他们跟踪了20年的时间

This is a group of scientists who have been tracking for 20 years

jiāng hóu zi fēn chéng liǎng gè zǔ

将猴子分成两个组

Divide the monkeys into two groups

yī zǔ shì xiàn zhì yǐn shí

一组是限制饮食

One group is restricted diet

xiàn zhì yǐn shí duō shǎo ne

限制饮食多少呢

How much do you limit your diet?

tā men gěi tā zhèng cháng shí liàng de

他们给它正常食量的70%

They give it 70% of its normal food intake

lìng wài yī zǔ bù xiàn zhì yǐn shí suí biàn chī

另外一组不限制饮食随便吃

The other group eats whatever they want without restriction

wǒ men kě yǐ kàn dào

我们可以看到

We can see that

yīng gāi kě yǐ hěn róng yì dì fēn chū lái

应该可以很容易地分出来

Should be easily separated

dào dǐ nǎ yī zǔ shì suí biàn chī nǎ yī zǔ shì xiàn zhì yǐn shí de duì ba

到底哪一组是随便吃哪一组是限制饮食的对吧

Which group is eaten casually and which group is restricted diet, right?

yīn wèi zhè yī zǔ suí biàn chī de

因为这一组随便吃的

Because this group eats casually

nǐ kàn tā zhè gè máo fā yǐ jīng huī bái

你看它这个毛发已经灰白

You see its hair is gray

rán hòu yǎn shén yě tè bié dì dāi zhì

然后眼神也特别地呆滞

Then his eyes are particularly dull

shēn shàng yě yǒu máo fā de tuō luò

身上也有毛发的脱落

I also have hair loss on my body

tǐ xíng hǎo xiàng jī ròu yě tè bié sōng sàn yě yǒu hěn duō de zhī fáng

体型好像肌肉也特别松散也有很多的脂肪

The body type seems to have loose muscles and a lot of fat

dàn shì chī fàn qī fēn bǎo de hóu zi kàn qǐ lái hái mán jīng shén de

但是吃饭七分饱的猴子看起来还蛮精神的

But the monkey who eats seventy percent looks quite energetic

zhè hái bù jǐn jǐn shì quán bù

这还不仅仅是全部

It's not just all

tā men fā xiàn xiàn zhì yǐn shí de hóu zi zhè yī zǔ

他们发现限制饮食的猴子这一组

They found that the group of restricted diet monkeys

tā men de lǎo nián jí bìng de fā bìng lǜ yě xiāng duì dì jiào dī

它们的老年疾病的发病率也相对地较低

Their incidence of senile diseases is also relatively low

suǒ yǐ shuō zhè gè xiàn zhì yǐn shí hǎo xiàng shì kě yǐ yán huǎn shuāi lǎo

所以说这个限制饮食好像是可以延缓衰老

So it seems that this restricted diet can delay aging

zhè yàng zi yī gè yán jiū fā biǎo le zhī hòu

这样子一个研究发表了之后

After such a study was published

yǐn qǐ le zài shì jiè shàng hěn dà hěn dà de fǎn xiǎng

引起了在世界上很大很大的反响

Caused a big response in the world

cóng cǐ yǒu hěn duō de kē xué jiā dōu tóu rù dào

从此有很多的科学家都投入到

Since then, many scientists have invested in

xiàn zhì yǐn shí kě yǐ yán huǎn shuāi lǎo de yán jiū zhōng qù

限制饮食可以延缓衰老的研究中去

Restricted diet can delay the research of aging

zuì zhōng yě què shí fā xiàn zài bù tóng de wù zhǒng dāng zhōng

最终也确实发现在不同的物种当中

In the end it was indeed found in different species

zhè me yī gè lǐ lùn dōu kě yǐ dé dào jiàn xíng

这么一个理论都可以得到践行

Such a theory can be practiced

wǒ men dōu zhī dào yǒu kě néng shāo wēi è yī diǎn duì nǐ shì yǒu hǎo chù de

我们都知道有可能稍微饿一点对你是有好处的

We all know that a little hungry is good for you

dàn shì miàn duì měi shí de yòu huò

但是面对美食的诱惑

But facing the temptation of delicious food

nǐ de xuǎn zé dào dǐ shì shén me ne

你的选择到底是什么呢

What is your choice

qí shí kē xué jiā men yě kāi zhǎn le gè zhǒng gè yàng de shí yàn

其实科学家们也开展了各种各样的实验

In fact, scientists have also carried out various experiments

tā men xiǎng kàn dào dǐ xiàn zhì duō shǎo

他们想看到底限制多少

They want to see the limit

pì rú shuō zěn me chī

譬如说怎么吃

For example, how to eat

dào dǐ shì měi yī dùn dōu yào è hái shì gé tiān è

到底是每一顿都要饿还是隔天饿

Is it hungry for every meal or the next day?

huò zhě shì yī gè yuè è yī cì

或者是一个月饿一次

Or be hungry once a month

huò zhě shì zán men jiù chī diǎn jiàn kāng de dī zhī fáng de

或者是咱们就吃点健康的低脂肪的

Or let's eat something healthy and low-fat

dào dǐ zěn me yàng dì chī zuì zhōng kě yǐ yán huǎn shuāi lǎo ne

到底怎么样地吃最终可以延缓衰老呢

How to eat it will eventually delay aging

xiāng guān de yán jiū fēi cháng duō